Chemistry
Standards and Relevant Websites
1. Properties of Matter
Broad Concept: Physical and
chemical properties can be used to classify and describe matter.
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
Site provides basic information.
1.1 Identify and
explain some of the physical properties that are used to classify matter, e.g.,
density, melting point, and boiling point.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/properties.html
This site is both informational and interactive. An interactive periodic table
allows students to click on various properties.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Matter.htm
1.2 Explain the
difference between mixtures and pure substances.
http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_1/substances.html
Informational site contains a concept map and movies.
http://www.mcps.org/bhs/classes/dana/Matter.html
This site provides interactive practice for the student.
http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/tg/chemo/activity/sep.htm
Site provides an experiment illustrating separation techniques. It provides
teacher materials and student materials.
1.3 Describe the
four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in terms
of energy, particle
motion, and phase transitions.
http://www.zeeks.com/1211.html Site provides a simple explanation of states of matter.
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_intro.html
Great explanations and graphics.
1.4 Distinguish
between chemical and physical changes.
http://www.mcps.org/bhs/classes/dana/chemphys.html
The site distinguishes between physical and chemical changes. It also provides
interactive practice for the student.
http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/lmaki/Chem150-99/chapters/chapter1/lessons/phys_chem/phy_c_1.htm
Site provides interactive practice for the student.
2. Atomic Structure
Broad Concept: An atom is a
discrete unit. The atomic model can help us to understand the interaction of
elements and compounds observed on a macroscopic scale.
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
Site provides basic information.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/at_struc.html
Site contains a chronology of the atom, a discussion of Quantum Mechanics and
Electron configuration examples.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Atomic/Atomic%20Index.htm
Contains information on Atomic structure divided in to the following topics:
Atomic nucleus, discussion of radioactivity, the Hydrogen spectrum, Electron
configuration and the periodic table, Periodicity of atomic properties. Student
self test.
2.1 Trace
the development of atomic theory and the structure of the atom from the ancient
Greeks to the present (Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, and modern theory).
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/dalton.html
This site contains information about John Dalton and his Atomic theory.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/rutherford-model.html
This site contains information about Thompson and Rutherford’s view of the
atom.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/Bohr-model.html
This site contains information concerning Bohr’s atom.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/modern-atomic-theory.html
This site covers the work of de
Brogllie, Heisenburg, and Schrödinger . It has good diagrams.
2.2 Interpret
Dalton’s atomic theory in terms of the Laws of Conservation of Mass,
Constant
Composition, and Multiple Proportions.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Atoms_Isotopes.htm
Informational site linking Dalton’s atomic theory to the three laws.
2.3 Identify the
major components of the nuclear atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and
explain how they interact.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Atoms_Isotopes.htm
Informational site showing basic atomic structure
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/compatom.html
Information and good diagrams.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
offers information and worksheets for the student.
2.4 Understand that
matter has properties of both particles and waves.
http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_9/wave.html#electron
This site explains the wave –particle duality of matter. Site also explains the math involved. Site
also contains movies to illustrate concepts.
2.5 Using Bohr’s
model of the atom interpret changes (emission/absorption) in electron energies
in the hydrogen atom corresponding to emission transitions between quantum
levels.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/discovery-quantum.html
This site explains Max Planck’s quanta also has an explanation of the
Photoelectric effect.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/emission-spectrum.html
This site links electron energies to
corresponding emission transitions.
2.6 Describe the
electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength and energy; identify regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/light.html
This site describes the basic properties of electromagnetic spectrum and the
regions of the spectrum. Nice chart.
2.7 Write the
electron configurations for elements in the first three rows of the periodic
table.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/aufbau-principle.html
This site explains how electrons are placed and has animation showing the
placement.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/quantum.htm#The%20Quantum%20Numbers
This site has a good explanation of quantum numbers and also provides problems
for students to try. It also contains
the electron configurations for the first twenty elements.
2.8 Describe alpha,
beta, and gamma particles; discuss the properties of alpha, beta, and gamma
radiation; and write balanced nuclear reactions.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site describes alpha, beta, and gamma particles.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes
This site contains a chart that describes and discusses the properties of
alpha, beta, and gamma particles. There is also a section that shows how to
balance nuclear reactions and provides a number of examples for students to
try.
2.9 Compare nuclear
fission and nuclear fusion and mass defect.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes
This site explains mass defect and has an explanation of how to calculate mass
defect.
2.10 Describe the
process of radioactive decay as the spontaneous breakdown of certain unstable
elements (radioactive) into new elements (radioactive or not) through the
spontaneous emission by the nucleus of alpha or beta particles.
Explain the
difference between stable and unstable isotopes.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes
This site explains radioactive decay and the difference between stable and
unstable isotopes.
2.11 Explain the
concept of half-life of a radioactive element, e.g., explain why the half-life
of
C14 has made carbon
dating a powerful tool in determining the age of very old objects.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes
This site explains half- life and the role of C14 in dating antiquities.
3. Periodicity
Broad Concept: Periodicity of
physical and chemical properties relates to atomic structure and led to the
development of the periodic table. The periodic table displays the elements in
order of increasing atomic number.
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
Site contains basic information.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/periodic.html
Site provides information on periodic law and discusses trends on the periodic
table.
3.1 Explain the
relationship of an element’s position on the periodic table to its atomic
number and mass.
This
site provides an abundance of information besides atomic number and mass
number. Also has cartoons concerning each element. Interactive site.
http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm
This site provides information about the history of the periodic table, facts
about elements and is interactive.
3.2 Use the periodic
table to identify metals, nonmetals, metalloids, families (groups), periods,
valence electrons, and reactivity with other elements in the table.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
identifies metals, nonmetals, metalloids, families and groups.
3.3 Relate the
position of an element on the periodic table to its electron configuration.
3.4 Identify trends
on the periodic table (ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity,
and relative size of atoms and ions).
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
explains the significance of electronegativity and relative size of the atom
and its ion.
4. Chemical Bonding
Broad Concept: Atoms form bonds by
the interactions of their valence electrons.
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
Site contains basic information.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/molecule.html
This site contains information on an advanced level. Also provides a link to
further information concerning Lewis Structures.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Bonding/Bonding%20Index.htm
Site topics are as follows: Types of bonds, Representation of Molecular
structure, and the shape of molecules. Site has examples for students to try.
4.1 Explain how
atoms combine to form compounds through both ionic and covalent bonding.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
explains how ionic and covalent bonding occurs.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/valence.htm#Valence%20Bond%20Model%20of%20Covalent%20Bonding
This site explains the Valence Bond model of Covalent bonding. Definitely for
an advanced class.
4.2 Draw Lewis dot
structures for simple molecules.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
provides the student with the rules used to draw Lewis dot structures. Many
examples are provided for the student to gain experience drawing Lewis
structures.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/lds1.htm#Lewis%20Dot%20Structures%20Worksheet%201%20of%205
This site explains Lewis dot rules and has numerous examples for students to
try.
4.3 Relate
electronegativity and ionization energy to the type of bonding an element is
likely to undergo.
http://chemistry.tjc.edu/1411ch9/sld018.htmv
This site links electronegativity to the type of bond also provides problems
for students to try.
4.4 Predict the
geometry of simple molecules and their polarity (valence shell electron pair
repulsion).
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
provides the student with rules and plenty of examples to test their knowledge
of molecular geometry.
4.5 Identify the
types of intermolecular forces present based on molecular geometry and
polarity.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/bonding.htm#Bonding
This site identifies the types of intermolecular forces and explains them.
4.6 Predict chemical
formulas based on the number of valence electrons.
This
site provides the student with plenty of examples showing how to predict
formulas based on valence electrons.
4.7 Name and write the chemical formulas for simple ionic and molecular compounds, including those that contain common polyatomic ions.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ Provides a
review of rules needed to write chemical formulas and names using many
examples. The student has many opportunities for practice.
5. Chemical Reactions and
Stoichiometry
Broad Concept: The conservation of
atoms in chemical reactions leads to the ability to calculate the mass of
products and reactants.
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
Site contains simple explanation of Stoichiometry
5.1 Balance chemical
equations by applying the law of conservation of mass.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
provides great hints to help students successfully balance equations. Also
provides many opportunities for students to try their hand at balancing
equations.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Chemical_Equations.htm
This site covers basics of balancing
equations.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/masscons.html
This site uses the law of conservation of mass to explain the balancing of
equations.
5.2 Recognize
synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and
neutralization reactions.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
provides explanations and examples for students to identify.
5.3 Understand the
mole concept in terms of number of particles, mass, and gaseous volume.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
provides a good explanation of conversion problems- mole to grams and particles
to grams. Also plenty of examples for students to try.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/The_Mole.htm This site
shows mole to gram calculations and mole to particles calculations.
5.4 Determine molar
mass, percent compositions, empirical formulas, and molecular formulas.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Determining_Chemical_Formulas.htm
This site covers calculation of percentage composition, empirical and molecular
formulas.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Introduction_to_Chemical_Formulas.htm
This site is informational and has a tool box.
It covers empirical and molecular formulas
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Atomic_Weights.htm
This site covers the calculation of molar mass of ionic compounds and hydrates.
5.5 Calculate
mass-mass, mass-volume, volume-volume, and limiting reactant problems for
chemical reactions.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Stoichiometry.htm
This site explains the steps needed to solve mass-mass problems and provides
example problems.
5.6 Calculate
percent yield in a chemical reaction.
http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_4/yield.html#eastman1
This site explains percent yield and provides an example for the student to
solve, showing how percent yield is used in industry.
6. Gases and Kinetic Molecular
Theory
Broad Concept: The behavior of
gases can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/gas_laws.html
This site contains background information on all of the following standards. It
provides links to other sites that provide student worksheets.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Kinetic/Kinetic%20Index.htm
This site contains information on all of
the following standards. Problems and solutions provided.
6.1 Using the
kinetic molecular theory, explain the relationship between pressure and volume
(Boyle’s law), volume and temperature (Charles’ law), and the number of
particles in a gas sample (Avogadro’s hypothesis).
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
explains Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s Laws.
6.2 Explain the
relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy.
6.3
Perform calculations using the ideal gas law.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
provides many examples for students to try.
6.4 Describe the
conditions under which a real gas deviates from ideal behavior.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/realgas.html
Site explains how a real gas deviates from ideal behavior.
6.5 Interpret
Dalton’s empirical Law of Partial Pressures and use it to calculate partial
pressures and total pressures.
6.6 Use
the combined gas law to determine changes in pressure, volume, or temperature.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
provides many examples for students to try.
7. Solutions
Broad Concept: Solids, liquids,
and gases dissolve to form solutions.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Kinetic/Solutions.htm
This site contains basic information about solutions and student problems.
7.1 Describe the
process by which solutes dissolve in solvents.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
explains how solutes dissolve in solvents.
7.2 Identify and
explain the factors that affect the rate of dissolving (i.e., temperature,
concentration, and mixing).
http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_4/yield.html#eastman1
Site shows the connection between percent yield and the factors that affect the
rate of dissolving.
7.3 Describe the
dynamic equilibrium that occurs in saturated solutions.
7.4 Calculate
concentration in terms of molarity, molality, and percent by mass.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Solution_Stoichiometry.htm
This site explains molarity calculations and provides examples.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
explains molarity calculations and provides examples for students to try.
7.5 Use a
solubility curve to determine saturation values at different temperatures.
http://www.thesciencedesk.com/sgsolubilitygraph.htm
This site contains an explanation of solubility graphs.
7.6 Calculate the
freezing point depression and boiling point elevation of a solution.
http://chemweb.calpoly.edu/chem/125/125LabExp/FPDepression/
This site provides background information for a freezing point depression lab,
a procedure, and interpretation of data.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/fpdepres.html
This site contains an explanation of freezing point depression calculations.
7.7 Write net ionic
equations for precipitation reactions in aqueous solutions.
http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/cnetion.htm Explanation of net ionic equations and many
examples.
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/tuckerman/honors.chem/lectures/lecture_13/node1.html
This site contains examples of net ionic equations for precipitation reaction
8. Acids and Bases
Broad Concept: Acids and bases are
important in numerous chemical processes that occur around us, from industrial
processes to biological ones, from the laboratory to the environment.
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
Site contains basic information.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Acids/Acids%20Index.htm This site has very basic information about
acids and bases to advanced discussion of titration. All of the following
standards are covered in this site.
8.1 Define
Arrhenius’ theory of acids and bases in terms of the presence of hydronium
and hydroxide ions,
and Bronsted’s theory of acids and bases in terms of proton
donor and acceptor,
and relate their concentrations to the pH scale.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site
explains the relationship between hydronium ion concentration and pH in simple
terms.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/acids.htm#Acid-Base%203
This site Explains the Arrhenius and Bronsted theory of acids and bases. Also
relates pH to the theories.
8.2 Compare and
contrast the nature, behavior, concentration and strength of acids and bases.
a. Acid-base
neutralization
b. Degree of
dissociation or ionization
c. Electrical
conductivity
8.3 Identify a
buffer and explain how it works.
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biochem/Biochem_353/Common_Buffers.htm
Explanation of how buffers work.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf
Simulation of how a buffer works.This is an interactive site.
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Buffer/Buffer.html
Explains how buffers work in the body.
8.4 Explain how
indicators are used in titrations and how they are selected.
8.5 Describe an
acid-base titration. Identify when the equivalence point is reached and its
significance.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/acids.htm#Acid-Base%203
This site explains titration and shows how to calculate normality from
titration data.
http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Solution_Stoichiometry.htm
This site shows how to calculate the molarity of a solution from titration data
before and after dilution and how to calculate the mass of a substance from
titration data.
8.6 Calculate the
pH or pOH of aqueous solutions using the hydronium or hydroxide ion
concentration.
http://www.chemf1iesta.com/ This site
provides a simple explanation of how to do pH calculations and plenty of
examples for students to try.
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/acids.htm#Acid-Base%203
This site provides an explanation of pH calculations.
9. Equilibrium and Kinetics
Broad Concept: Chemical
equilibrium is a dynamic process that is significant in many systems
(biological, ecological and geological). Chemical reactions occur at different
rates.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/kinetics.html
This site has an in depth explanation of equilibrium and kinetics topics. Also
provides a web site on kinetics problems.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Chemical%20Equilibrium/Equilibrium.htm#Dynamic
Contains information on Chemical equilibrium divided into the following topics:
Reversible reactions, Dynamic equilibrium, The equilibrium constant, Catalysts,
Le Chatelier’s principle. Site also has interactive problems for students.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Chemical%20Equilibrium/Rates.htm
Contains information on the factors that affect reaction rates and how they
change reaction rate
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
This site covers standards 9.2-9.5
9.1 Write the
equilibrium expression and calculate the equilibrium constant for a reaction.
9.2 Predict the
shift in equilibrium when the system is subjected to a stress (LeChatelier’s
principle).
9.3 Identify the
factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction (temperature,
concentration) and the factors that can cause a shift in equilibrium
(concentration, pressure, volume, temperature).
9.4
Explain rates of reaction in terms of collision frequency, energy of
collisions, and orientation of colliding molecules.
9.5 Define the role
of activation energy in a chemical reaction.
10. Thermochemistry (Enthalpy)
Broad Concept: The driving forces
of chemical reactions are energy and entropy.
This has important
implications for many applications (synthesis of new compounds, meteorology,
and industrial engineering).
10.1 Interpret the
law of conservation of energy.
10.2 Explain the
relationship between energy transfer and disorder in the universe.
10.3 Analyze the
energy changes involved in physical and chemical processes using calorimetry.
10.4 Apply Hess’s
law to determine the heat of reaction.
http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_7/introduction.html
This site provides explanations and examples of the above four standards. It
also contains good illustrations and movies.
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
This site provides a general explanation of thermochemistry.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/thermo.html
This site provides an advanced discussion concerning the above topics. Problems
are also included in the site.
11. Oxidation-Reduction and
Electrochemistry
Broad Concept: Oxidation-reduction
reactions occur by electron transfer and constitute a major class of chemical
reactions. Examples of redox reactions occur everywhere; their consequences are
experienced daily.
http://members.aol.com/logan20/electchm.html
This site contains information concerning the following standards. It also has
a link to an Electrochemistry problem site.
http://www.physchem.co.za/Redox/Redox%20Index.htm
This site contains information concerning the following standards. Explanations
range from very basic to advanced.
11.1 Describe the
chemical processes known as oxidation and reduction.
11.2 Assign
oxidation numbers.
11.3 Balance
oxidation-reduction equations by using half-reactions.
11.4 Identify the
components, and describe the processes that occur in an electrochemical cell.
http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/chem/chap9/c0909501.asp Indentifies the components and describes the
processes that occur in an electrochemical cell.
11.5 Explain how a
typical battery, such as a lead storage battery or a dry cell, works.
http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/everyday_battery.html
Explains how battery works.
11.6 Compare and
contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells and their uses.
http://members.aol.com/logan20/voltaic.html
This site compares and contrasts voltaic and electrolytic cells. The material
is very involved.
11.7 Calculate the
net voltage of a cell given a table of standard reduction potentials.
Biology dictionary
http://www.mhhe.com/sciencemath/forestryenviron/pae/glossary.html
Writing research papers and referencing
http://webster.commnet.edu/mla/index.shtml (MLA format)
http://webster.commnet.edu/apa/ (APA format)
Writing lab reports
Good study habits and time management
http://caps.unc.edu/TenTraps.html
Useful study hints.
http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_agenda_2.pdf
A printable homework organizer.
http://www.studygs.net/ A site with tips for studying and managing your time.
http://www.chemfiesta.com/
This site has a number of worksheets you can download covering many Chemistry
topics.
http://donkistry.tripod.com/worksheets.htm
This site has worksheets covering many Chemistry topics.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/eq_form.html
Site contains the following topics: Types of formulas, Balancing chemical
equations, Determining Limiting Reagent, Theoretical yield and Percent yield,
Determining Simple and Molecular Formulas, Balancing Redox equations,
Nomenclature and Formula writing of inorganic compounds, Mole concept and
Stoichiometry. Problems are included
http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html
This site provides great explanations, worksheets and activities.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/genchm1.html
Site contains information on the following topics: Composition of matter,
Solutions, Acids, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, and Environmental
Chemistry.
http://members.aol.com/profchm/index.html
This site is an excellent resource for Chemistry teachers.
http://www.physchem.co.za/index.htm
This site also contains information on Organic chemistry and on Physics.